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A Secret Affair

Published in the Far Eastern Economic Review, July 8th 1972)

By Kim Sam-o

Seoul: For a quarter of a century the animosity between South and North Korea had remained so intense that, until this week, any South Korean who visited Pyongyang courted the death penalty and vice versa. Now the impossible is happening in the Korean peninsula. Thanks to a stunningly bold political decision by the leaders of the two regimes, the way is being prepared for peaceful coexistence and - hopefully- peaceful reunification.
The political drama was enacted almost exactly in the fashion of Henry Kissinger’s secret missions to Peking. But the background to the Seoul- Pyongyang episode differs markedly from the Washington-Peking moves.
An old Korean saying goes: “If you throw a stone from the top of {Seoul’s} Mount Namsan it will hit the house of Mr. Kim, Mr. Lee, Mr. Park” - the clans which make up some 70% of Korea’s population. What has now been proved is that the relations between blood brothers vary only in the extremities: just six months ago, South Korea declared a national emergency to check ‘probable’ all-out invasion by the North.
What astonished South Koreans - and no doubt the North Koreans - was not simply the agreement to bury the hatchet and open a full-scale dialogue, but the dashing speed and secrecy which attended it.
“I have been to Pyongyang under a special instruction of President Park Chung Hee.” declared Lee Hu Rak, 47-years-old Director of South Korea’s Central Intelligence Agency, in opening an hour-long press conference.
People of Seoul, listening to radios and watching television, were further shocked when he announced: “I have met the North Korean Premier, Kim Il Sung, and North Korea’s Second Vice-Premier, Park Sung Chul, was granted a talk with President Park Chung Hee in Seoul.”

Kaesung

Accompanied by three aides, Lee had crossed the demarcation line on May 2 to reach Kaesung, near Panmunjom; from there he proceeded to Pyongyang by helicopter (provided by North Korea). During his four days in Pyongyang, he had lengthy talks with both Kim Il Sung and his brother Kim Yung Joo, Kim Dong Syu, Director of the Organisation-Guidance Department of the Workers’ Party.
The North Korean Vice-Premier visited Seoul from May 29 to June 1.
The result of the clandestine contacts was a 515-word joint communique, announced simultaneously by Seoul and Pyongyang on July 4, in which the two sides agreed on seven key issues aimed at easing tension in the peninsula and eventually reunifying the divided land.
In the communique, South Korea agreed to the unification principle “through independent Korean efforts without being subject to external imposition or interference” - a term long enunciated by North Korea.
The agreement is all the more significant in view of the fact that American plans to withdraw troops from South Korea have been strenuously opposed by the South Korea Government. Asked to elaborate on the subject, Lee told reporters that “external interference” did not include any United Nations role; Pyongyang still apparently denies UN competence in settling Korean questions.
The two regimes also agreed that “unification shall be achieved through peaceful means and not through the use of force against each other” and that “as a homogeneous people, a great national unity shall be sought above all, transcending differences in ideas, ideologies and systems.”
All through the two hectic decades since the Korean War, neither side has said openly that it would unify the country by force. But the fear of invasion - and mental distrust - escalated the arms race almost to a point of no return.
The two sides agreed “not to slander or defame each other, not to undertake armed provocations whether on a large or small scale, and to take positive measure to prevent inadvertent military incidents,” and to “carry out various exchanges in many fields.”
From now on, for example, neither side is supposed to call the other a “puppet regime,” the standard phrase hitherto.
The apparent thaw notwithstanding, no knowledgeable South Korean expects reunification in the near future. The CIA’s Lee himself warned against any hasty or over-optimistic reactions and termed South Korea’s future relations with North Korea confrontation with dialogue” compared with “confrontation without dialogue” in the past. To facilitate the dialogue, a hot-line will be installed between Seoul and Pyongyang.
The two sides will establish and operate a South-North coordinating committee chaired by South Korea’s Lee and North Korea’s Kim Yung Joo; this is aimed at “implementing aforementioned agreed items, and solving various problems existing between the South and North.”
Lee, formerly a top spokesman for Park Chung Hee, is described as “Park’s shadow.” North Korea’s Kim, 50, is considered second in importance to Kim Il Sung although his official post ranks sixth in the pecking order of the eleven-member politburo.
South Korean leaders in all walks of life have fully supported the Government’s move, some comparing it to the momentous event of Korea’s emancipation from Japanese rule in 1945. Leaders of the New Democratic Party, the major Opposition grouping, endorsed the agreement and regretted only the Government’s failure to consult them in advance.
In keeping with the suddenly altered situation, adjustments in the legal, social and educational systems of two regimes seem inevitable. Most of South Korea’s existing system, for example, is based on a framework of anti-communism.
 

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